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What's the latest in stem cell research? Whatever happened to the controversy over using stem cells from embryos? And how long before they can use stem cells to cure diseases like arthritis, torn cartilage, and tendon tears?

All very good questions! First, stem cell research is alive and well in the U.S. Although federal law prohibits the use of embryonic stem cells harvested after 2001, there is nothing stopping research on adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells have the advantage of being able to produce any kind of cell or tissue. But they do cause an immune response that can set up growth of tumors.

Adult stem cells are not as versatile as embryonic-derived cells. But scientists have found ways to harvest multipotent stem cells from the bone marrow, adipose (fat), and skeletal muscle. Multipotent refers to the fact that these stem cells can become several different kinds of tissues in the adult.

Adult-derived stem cells can be harvested from any adult of any age. Once removed from the body, they are treated in a lab with growth factors and given the right conditions to reproduce and expand greatly. They can be genetically altered to grow fast and speed up healing. This makes their use with many orthopedic conditions such as you mentioned very attractive.

Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) are a key source of study material right now. These cells are multipotent, easily harvested, and quickly grown (expanded) for use. Animal studies with mice, rats, and rabbits show positive results for potential use in humans.

There are some clinical trials in progress for some conditions in humans. In the near future, tissue engineering for the repair of musculoskeletal damage and disease may revolutionize orthopedic care of many patients.

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