FAQ Category: Lumbar Spine

Most of today’s disc implants in use are made of metal alloys and plastic. Titanium is the metal most highly favored so far. Nickel can’t be used because so many people have a nickel sensitivity.

Plastic is becoming more popular because it wears well and is less stiff than metal. It also eliminates the problem of wear debris seen with metal implants. Bits of metal get shaved off the implant with daily movement. Metal debris can cause pain from inflammation and implant loosening.

Researchers have found that what works well in one area of the body doesn’t always hold up elsewhere. For example, one type of plastic used in hip replacements wears extremely well but doesn’t hold up in the knee. It isn’t used in the spine either.

Find out what kind of implant your doctor is using. Ask him or her this question, too. A combination of titanium and plastic might work best in your situation.

Artificial discs have been used in animal and human studies but there are no long-term results ready yet. Studies show they have similar results to spinal fusion in the short-run. Research is still in the clinical trial phase. Recent approval from the FDA should bring this option more to mainstream America as more and more surgeons are trained in this procedure.

There may be some advantages to the disc implants over fusion. First and most important, the patient is able to keep his or her spinal motion. Second there are fewer problems and complications after surgery for the disc replacement compared to fusions. Third, it looks like the problem of disc breakdown above and below the level of the fusion doesn’t exist with disc replacements.

There are several different designs on the market. Researchers haven’t been able to show that one is superior over the others yet. More studies are underway using the disc implants for both the neck and the low back.

Finally, activity level is according to the patient’s tolerance. Most patients with the disc replacement are able to resume normal activities sooner than patients with spinal fusion. Since you’ll have full motion, once healing takes place, you should be able to do what you could do before the surgery.

Possible and probable! Research shows that disc herniation in the upper lumbar spine (L3-L4) doesn’t show up the same way a disc problem does located lower in the spine. First, L3-L4 disc herniation occurs more often in older adults (average age: 53 years old).

Second, thigh pain is the most common finding with an upper lumbar disc problem. Leg weakness and decreased knee reflexes are also found.

Third, signs of disc herniation in the upper lumbar spine can be missed with imaging studies. This is because there is a wide ligament along the back side of the lumbar vertebrae. It gets narrower as it goes down toward the lower lumbar segments. The ligament is called the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL).

The PLL keeps the discs in the upper lumbar spine from pushing backwards into the spinal canal. Instead the damaged or worn disc moves out to the side in a lateral direction. There’s less resistance in the lateral region. Radiologists who know about the unusual location of disc fragments in this area are more likely to see this on the image.

You may want to ask your doctor about your suspicions. You can also ask for a second reading (second opinion) of your MRIs.

Yes, but so can disc problems and kidney problems! It’s impossible to tell without further testing. A disc problem in the upper lumbar spine (L3-L4) can cause these symptoms, but there will be other signs as well.

A recent study of older adults with thigh pain from L3-L4 disc herniation showed leg weakness and decreased reflexes were also common. These are signs of nerve pressure, most likely where the disc is pressing on the spinal nerve. Sacroiliac problems aren’t usually accompanied by neurologic symptoms.

Kidney infections, tumors, and inflammation can cause back pain that radiates around the flank and down the thigh. Thigh pain alone is possible but uncommon. And when the kidney is involved there are usually other signs like blood in the urine, frequent urinating, or burning on urination.

New symptoms in older adults are a yellow flag to caution you. A medical exam would probably be a good idea to find out the exact cause of your problem.

Groin pain is a common problem in Australian football. This game is played outdoors on natural grass. The ball is moved mostly by punt kicking. It’s the kicking and rapid change of direction that lead to these types of injuries.

Finding the cause of groin pain can be very difficult. Sometimes imaging studies are able to show stress to the pelvic bones where muscles of the groin attach. Shear forces seem to have the greatest affect on these structures.

Research shows that with chronic groin pain, one of the abdominal muscles gets off in how and when it contracts. This may add to the problem. Physical therapists (called physiotherapists in Australia) are studying groin injuries of this type.

It may be helpful to have your son visit a physiotherapist before making the trip back to the United States Restoring normal muscle contractions of the abdominal and pelvic
muscles may be all that’s needed.

Constant pain in a young athlete that doesn’t go away with treatment does raise the suspicion of a more serious problem. What kind of tests have been done and what kind of treatment has he tried so far? If he hasn’t been seen by a medical doctor, that’s the first place to start.

Groin pain can be hard to diagnose accurately. Athletes who use kicking motions and who change directions quickly on the field are often prone to chronic groin pain. X-rays or other imaging studies may be able to show signs of stress at the pubis symphysis where the two pubic bones come together. Imaging studies would also show any signs of bone tumors.

Once a medical doctor has ruled out more serious bone or joint problems, a physical therapist might be able to help with other soft tissue or muscle injuries. Sometimes after an injury, the muscles must be given some help to get back to normal.

The “tailbone” or coccyx at the end of the spine can become extremely painful in some people. Women are affected more than men for several reasons. One is trauma that occurs during childbirth.

The child moves past the coccyx as he or she descends down the vaginal canal. A large baby or awkward, twisted presentation can push the coccyx out of its normal alignment.

The second is the difference in pelvic anatomy between men and women. In females the opening where the sciatic nerve passes through the pelvis is wider than in men. The result is for the entire sacrum and coccyx to tilt backward. This angle puts the coccyx
at greater risk for injury.

In males the narrow sciatic notch tilts the sacrum and coccyx forward. There’s more protection for these body parts with the sacrum and coccyx tucked under.

When you sit straight up, you can feel the pressure on the ischial tuberosities on your bottom. These are commonly referred to as the “sit bones.” These bony prominences on the pelvis are further apart in women compared to men. When sitting, the coccyx is positioned
between these two points. A wider distance between the sit bones means more pressure on the coccyx.

Finally there may be some people who have instability of the coccygeal segments from birth. Over time abnormal motion occurs causing pain. This could be a hereditary trait but it hasn’t been proven yet.

The perfect results would be full, pain free motion for the rest of your life. The artificial disc replacement (ADR) is designed to do everything a human disc does. This means normal motion in all directions. The ADR would also transmit loads across the disc spaces while protecting the joints.

Not only that but the new disc implants are expected to do all these things over and over for years and years. They should last without failure or wear for the rest of your life.

Do they really do all these things now? We don’t know yet. ADRs haven’t been used long enough to collect results years after implantation. You will be part of the early data collected and reported. Good luck!

This varies from patient to patient. A few patients wake up completely free of pain. Others have less back and leg pain than before the operation. For many patients, pain levels ease over time.

Post-operative pain levels depend on many factors. For example, some surgeons are using minimally invasive methods with small incisions through the skin. They use tiny tools and special imaging to see inside the body without a large opening. Studies show patients
tend to use fewer pain relievers with this type of operation.

Even with the more invasive surgeries, the amount of pain patients reported is different. Some people have a higher tolerance for pain than others. You’ll be encouraged to get up and move about as quickly as possible after surgery. Movement can help reduce pain levels too.

It’s not clear why some patients have these kinds of problems after this type of surgery. While patients question whether they did something wrong, insurance companies are asking if the surgeon is at fault.

It’s possible the nature of the operation and the patient’s tissues are the real keys. Rods and screws are used to hold the spine together and to add stability while healing and the final fusion take place.

In order to get the screws into the bone, the deep, stabilizing muscles of the back are cut and pulled away from the bone. At the same time tiny nerves to the joints are cut. Other supportive structures are weakened by the operation. Recovery can be slowed or complicated by problems because of these changes.

Expecting something to hurt doesn’t really produce pain, but it can affect how you breathe and how you move. These two factors can increase your awareness of pain that is already present. Muscle tension from holding your breath and avoiding movements can make your pain seem worse. Relaxation is an important key in cases like this.

Anticipating a pain response can also delay muscle contraction, or sometimes the muscle contracts too early for the intended movement. This kind of muscle imbalance can lead to spinal instability. Pain and injury is more likely when the spine is unstable.

That’s a good question that even the researchers don’t know the answer to yet. Studies are being done on patients in both situations. By comparing the results, scientists hope to be able to see how much difference there is in muscle strength before and after treatment.

They won’t know how treatment affects strength and motor control if these factors vary during periods of increased or decreased pain. It may be best to get a baseline during both phases.

Studies show that only 10 percent of back pain cases have a clear cause. That means 90 percent of chronic back pain has an unknown cause. CT scans, X-rays, and MRIs show defects in the spine when the patient doesn’t even have any symptoms. On the other hand
painful symptoms occur when nothing shows up on the imaging studies.

Many doctors and therapists think the muscles are a major part of the problem. This hasn’t been proven true yet. EMG studies have been used to measure the electrical activity of muscles during spinal movement.

EMG studies were recently used to compare the muscles of healthy subjects to people who have back pain. Researchers found that the muscles of back pain patients didn’t fatigue
as quickly as healthy subjects. This may be because patients with back pain hold back and don’t use their back muscles with as much force as healthy subjects.

The more we can find out about muscle function, the better able we will be to find a rehab program for back pain that works.

Studies show that only 10 percent of back pain cases have a clear cause. That means 90 percent of chronic back pain has an unknown cause. CT scans, X-rays, and MRIs show defects in the spine when the patient doesn’t even have any symptoms. On the other hand
painful symptoms occur when nothing shows up on the imaging studies.

Many doctors and therapists think the muscles are a major part of the problem. This hasn’t been proven true yet. EMG studies have been used to measure the electrical activity of muscles during spinal movement.

EMG studies were recently used to compare the muscles of healthy subjects to people who have back pain. Researchers found that the muscles of back pain patients didn’t fatigue as quickly as healthy subjects. This may be because patients with back pain hold back and don’t use their back muscles with as much force as healthy subjects.

The more we can find out about muscle function, the better able we will be to find a rehab program for back pain that works.

There are different ways to look at patient satisfaction. Is the quality of life better after the operation? Does the patient have less pain? More function? If they had to do it all over, would they have the same operation again? These are some common measures of patient satisfaction.

A recent study at Duke University of results after fusion reported many patients were more disabled after the operation. All patients had a spinal fusion using interbody fusion cages. Even so 64 percent of the patients said they would have the same operation again.

Researchers find this outcome puzzling. They suggest patients are so distressed by the time and money spent on the surgery, they feel obliged to say they would do it again. Or perhaps the results of the operation were disappointing but it was better than doing nothing about the problem.

A history of low back pain is really the most powerful predictor of future episodes. If you haven’t had back pain yourself yet, that’s a good sign. Whether there’s a genetic component to back pain or not remains unknown.

There are other risk factors to consider. Many studies now show social and psychological factors are the most important. These may be even more important than the condition of your spine.

People who are depressed or who tend to “feel” their pain more than others (called amplification) have more back pain. This is true in the short-term as well as over a longer period of time.

Findings on X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs don’t always match up with patient’s symptoms. Many times the spine is in a state of moderate to severe degeneration and the patient is pain free. Other times the patient is disabled with only mild degenerative changes in the spine.

Good posture, proper lifting, and daily activity and exercise are still the best prescription for preventing back problems.

Discography is used to see if the disc is the source of pain in patients with neck or back or pain. During discography, a dye is injected into the disc. The patient’s response to the injection is observed. Pain that is similar to the patient’s back or neck pain suggests that the disc might the source of the pain. Computed tomography (CT) is usually done after discography to look for actual changes in the disc.

The main reason to have a provocative discography is to find out if a patient with chronic back pain needs a spinal fusion. This is done in someone who has failed all efforts at conservative care. The results from discography are an important part of the preoperative evaluation for most patients. However what makes for a “positive” test isn’t always clear.

A recent study at Stanford University showed provocative discography can’t predict the future. Some patients with a positive discography never had any more episodes of back pain. Others with a negative discography developed back pain lasting as long as one year. This second group had other psychological problems.

Discography is just one of many tests used to help doctors and patients make decisions about back pain care and management.

Studies suggest it may be a little bit of both. Heavy lifting is a predictor of future episodes of back pain. This could be the case of mechanical overload: lifting more than the spine is designed to handlt. Back pain is more likely to go away and stay away when there’s a decrease in the workload.

There may be a fear factor here in that a person’s back starts to hurt when the person avoids certain movements in order to prevent injury. Studies show greater psychologic distress in patients doing heavy work compared to part-time workers or workers on light duty.

Finding out your pain and activity levels can help the therapist decide what tests to do. The goals and plan of care for you are based on your current symptoms and level of function.

This gives the therapist a baseline for you. The baseline helps measure when progress is being made. Is the treatment working? Are you getting better? There’s no sense in continuing treatment when there’s no improvement.

Ninety percent of a doctor’s or physical therapist’s diagnosis is based on information received from the patient in response to questions. The tests and measures used to make the final diagnosis only make up 10 percent of the examination.

Back pain is common among adults aged 65 and older. In this age group the cause of back pain is often linked to degenerative processes. The discs start to wear thin, bone spurs develop, and the spinal canal starts to narrow.

The forward flexed position opens up the space around the spinal cord and spinal nerves taking pressure off these structures and reducing painful symptoms. Sometimes exercise and anti-inflammatories can help. Surgery may be an option when conservative care doesn’t work.

A medical examination may be needed to sort this all out. Find out first what the problem is in order to determine the best treatment. Early treatment usually brings the best results. Waiting too long may result in permanent postural changes.