FAQ Category: Knee

There are several tests physicians use to check the integrity or strength of the repaired ligament. One of these is the pivot-shift test, in which the doctor applies pressure to the lower leg just below the knee. A “tight” joint will not shift or move with this test.

Your sense that the leg is not steady or stable enough to hold you may be caused by muscle weakness. When the replacement tissue for the torn ligament is taken from below the kneecap, the quadriceps muscle on the front of the thigh may lose strength. You may need some additional strengthening exercises. Contact your physical therapist for a follow-up evaluation.

Not necessarily. It’s likely your friend’s ACL was severely damaged. Your doctor may have determined that your ligament was only mildly torn or stretched out. In that case, physical therapy treatments can be used to help improve your knee function.

Your doctor and physical therapist will watch to see if you get full knee motion and strength. If your pain and swelling go away and your knee feels stable and strong, you may be able to return to competition without knee surgery.

Different exercises place different amounts of strain on the repaired ligament. As the tissue repairs itself, a small amount of stress and strain can help the healing process. Too much strain at the beginning of rehab can damage the repair.

Although studies in this area are limited, research has shown that exercise is important to healing. Exercises with your weight on the knee (foot on the ground) are called “weight-bearing.” Exercises with the foot off the ground are “nonweight-bearing.” Weight-bearing exercises seem to have a better result in the end and are most often recommended.

The ACL helps the knee joint to know what position it is in, a function called proprioception. This sense of joint position is very important for movement, joint stability, and function.

For example, when stepping down off a curb, the knee will bend and straighten just the right amount and at just the right speed to keep you from falling. Proprioception helps the knee joint do this. Joints, ligaments, and muscles have tiny sensors signaling the body about the joint’s position. These sensors also start the reflex that tells the muscles to contract. Without this function of the ACL, a person may feel as if the knee is unsteady or unable to keep the leg from collapsing.

Q-angle–or quadriceps angle–is the angle between the quadriceps muscle (front of the thigh) and the patellar tendon (just below the kneecap). This angle can be determined using X-rays. More often, it is measured by placing the person flat on a table with the hips, knees, and feet in a neutral position. A line is drawn from the pelvic bone to the middle of the kneecap. A second line is drawn from the middle of the kneecap through the large bump on the shin (called the tibial tubercle). The angle formed by the crossing of these two lines is called the Q-angle.

Normally, the Q-angle is between 13 and 18 degrees when measured this way. Boys and men usually have smaller angles than girls and women. With a larger than normal Q-angle, the kneecap (patella) moves up and down over the knee joint in such a way that it can cause wear and tear of the cartilage. This causes crepitus, or the crunching feeling people describe when straightening the knee.

Ask your doctor about seeing a physical therapist. Using taping techniques, shoe inserts (orthotics), or muscle strengthening exercises, the therapist may be able to help your daughter learn how to keep the patella in the middle.  These measures can help reduce pain, swelling, and the crepitus sensation.

Certain movements place a large strain on the ligaments of the knee. These include stopping suddenly, or planting the foot on the ground and turning in a different direction. Soccer players are especially prone to injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee.

The hamstring muscles behind the thigh help protect the knee. How fast the hamstrings contract in response to sudden movements may help prevent injury to the knee. Quick response is a major principle of injury prevention for any athlete out on the field.

A total body response including the upper body, hip, knee, and ankle is also important for soccer players. A training program should include strength and balance training for these areas.

A new program for the prevention of ACL tears in soccer players has been published. It includes training the mechanisms in the knee and ankle to give these joints a sense of where they are and how they are moving. This training involves the use of a balance training board or disk.

The athlete is required to “balance” the board–or move it without losing balance. This action improves the body’s reaction time out on the field. This can help prevent knee injuries. Ask your trainer about this type of program if you aren’t already doing it.

When the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is strained, it becomes weak or “deficient” in holding the knee together. Without good ACL strength, the knee can be easily reinjured. This could happen while you are riding or during other activities.

Exercises on a special training disk retrain the ankle and knee to respond to quick movements. Stopping suddenly or changing directions quickly are examples of these types of movements. Balancing on the board or moving the board in many directions without losing your balance is important. This kind of activity improves the joint’s sense of direction and position.

Usually eight weeks of exercises on an exercise disk for 15 minutes each day are recommended. This is based on a series of studies done on athletes with ACL injuries. When you have finished your home program, the therapist can measure your strength and balance. This will help you decide if any further rehabilitation is necessary.

Some of the muscles that support the knee attach at the hip. Like other muscles that are closer to the center or “core” of the body, these muscles give stability to joints. The muscles help put your joints in the right position, and they steady the joints while you squat, walk, or jump. Core muscles form a stable platform, letting you move your leg and foot with precision. If these muscles are weak, your knee will lose some of its control, keeping it from working at its best. 

Your definition of “tolerate” may be different from your doctor’s. Just because you can grin and bear the pain doesn’t mean your joint is able to tolerate the extra pressure when you’re up and about. You may need to ease up on your activity level, limit the amount of exercise you’re doing, and possibly use a cane or walker for a while. If you’re doing too much and your joint can’t tolerate it, you may end up with more pain and swelling. Use these symptoms as guides to what the joint can handle.

Doctors may put a needle inside the knee joint or into the bursa sac in front of and below the kneecap to find where the fluid is coming from. The needle can then be used to draw the fluid out. However, if the problem that is causing the extra fluid is not corrected, the fluid will probably come back. Unless there is an infection in the knee, there is no danger in leaving the fluid there because the body will gradually absorb it.

This usually describes pre-patellar bursitis. This is when fluid builds up in the bursa sac that lies in front of and below the kneecap. The front of the knee may look like a goose egg.

There are also conditions when the knee joint itself fills with fluid. A joint capsule encloses the bones of the knee joint. When the capsule fills with fluid, it may give the appearance of “water on the knee.” This can happen with problems like arthritis or infection.

An injury to the structures inside the knee can cause bleeding and swelling to fill the inside of the joint. In these instances, there will be fullness in the tissues of the knee, rather than simply a goose-egg appearance in the front of the knee.

Until recently, giving you guidance would be mere guesswork. Now we can say that your safest bet is to avoid any activities that cause a lot of impact on the knee, such as heavy jumping, lunging, and fast starts and stops. Research also shows that jogging and downhill walking put too much stress on the joint. Cycling and level walking are safer choices because the forces that happen during these activities are more evenly spread over the surface of the joint. Exercising in a pool is a good idea, too, because the water’s buoyancy allows you to move and exercise more easily, and there is less pressure on the joint.

Osteochondritis dessicans (OCD) of the knee is when a piece of bone just under the joint cartilage is injured and dies. The piece of bone and the cartilage above it may actually separate from the joint. When this happens, the fragment can float around inside the joint. Because it floats free, the fragment can get stuck in the joint, causing the knee to pop, click, or even lock up. 

Let swelling and pain be your guides. Pain is an indicator that something isn’t right. You may feel some discomfort with your exercises, but it should be “reasonable” discomfort. If you end up feeling a lot of pain that lasts more than one hour after exercise, you’re probably overdoing it. If you have pain with exercise or activity, you need to make some changes. Reduce the intensity, time, or repetitions of your exercise or activity. If you see swelling around your knee late in the day, this could also be a sign that you are overdoing it.

There aren’t any major nerves that pass by the area you’ve described. The feelings of weakness you have may be from a condition called “muscle inhibition.” When there is pain or swelling around a joint, the muscles in the area may shut down; that is, they become “inhibited.” The condition starts to improve once the pain and swelling are taken care of. If the problem continues, physical therapy treatments using muscle stimulators and exercise may be needed to get the muscles working correctly.

It is questionable whether you merely tore your medial collateral ligament (MCL) when you were first hurt. Had you only injured the MCL, chances are it would have scarred down and not given you much trouble.

From what you describe, it is more likely that you also stretched or tore the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In either case, you might not be a candidate for ligament surgery given your age. Instead, a surgeon specialist will probably want to have you use a brace and do exercise treatments. If these aren’t helpful, surgery might be a last resort. 

Age is one factor your surgeon will consider. So is activity. Your surgeon may treat you as he or she would a younger patient, given your level of activity.

If the tear is small and doesn’t cause swelling, you may be safe to exercise. But exercise probably won’t fix the tear. This is because joint cartilage does not have its own supply of blood and lymph vessels. This means the cartilage is not able to heal on its own. If the tear goes all the way down to the bone, you may not require surgery. But again, your knee will probably not get better as a result of doing exercise.

It’s best to choose exercises like swimming or biking, to keep from forcefully jarring the joint and putting extra pressure on the unprotected portion of bone below the tear. If the cartilage and the bone below it have become unstable or dislodged, exercise will make things worse, meaning surgery will probably be recommended.

The new arrows are “bioabsorbable,” which means the body will eventually absorb or dissolve this material. Minor complications are very common with the use of the arrows.? As many as one-third of all cases may develop symptoms of knee pain and tenderness, skin irritation, and bruising.

Studies have shown that many of the symptoms associated with the use of these arrows are temporary. Most of the problems take care of themselves within the first year. Further surgery is required only occasionally.

Most ACL injuries occur when the knee is perfectly straight or slightly bent. This type of injury can happen when a player is running, jumping, or standing still. In soccer, the ACL is most likely to be injured when a player is running and changing directions quickly, stopping suddenly, or twisting the body over the foot. Jumping and landing on the foot with the knee twisted can also cause problems.

New technology has allowed researchers to measure the strain placed on the ACL. One important discovery has been that stopping suddenly (rapid deceleration) puts a high level of strain on the ACL. This occurs when the foot makes contact with the ground and the leg is at its straightest. Doctors and physical therapists are working together to develop an exercise program that will prevent these types of injuries.

After many years of treating meniscal tears, doctors have determined who can rehab the injury and who should have surgery. The doctor will look at where the tear is located, the length of the tear, the stability of your knee, and the condition of the other knee structures. Certain conditions must be operated on. For example, tears that are longer than 10 millimeters require surgery.

Most orthopedic doctors are willing to try rehab first. Usually, a program of exercises is prescribed by a physical therapist. If after rehabilitation the knee “locks up,” preventing any motion and causing severe pain or swelling, surgery is advised. Likewise, reinjury of the same knee will probably call for surgery.